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Most producers capture sunlight to produce energy-rich carbohydrates (such as glucose. C6H12O6) by photosynthesis, which is the way energy enters most ecosystems. Although hundreds of chemical changes take place during photosynthesis, the overall reaction can be summarized as follows:
carbon dioxide + water +solar energy → glucose + oxygen
Scientists have used gene splicing to develop modified crop plants, new drugs, pest-resistant plants, and animals that grow rapidly (Figure 4-9). They have also created genetically engineered bacteria to extract minerals such as copper from their underground ores and to clean up spills of oil and other toxic pollutants.
Bioengineers have developed many beneficial GMOs: chickens that low –cholesterol eggs, wheat that thrives in drought condition, bananas that don’t rot on the way to market, and tomatoes with genes that can help prevent some types of cancer.
Water returning to the earth’s surface as precipitation takes various paths. Some of it evaporates from soil, lakes, and streams back into the atmosphere. Some is converted to ice that is stored in glaciers, usually for long periods of time. Some precipitation sinks through soil and permeable rock formations to underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel called aquifers, where it is stored as groundwater.
水回到地球表面稱為降水。一些從土壤、湖和小河蒸發回到大氣。有些轉化為冰儲存在冰川,通常很長時間。有些降水通過土壤、沙、礫石和岩層滲透到地下岩層,所謂的地下含水層中,地下水儲存在那裡。